Wednesday, September 17, 2008
Air Pollution
There are many types of pollution that occur in the earth such as air pollution, water pollution, sound pollution and soil pollution. Nowadays, air pollution problems in our country become more serious. The sources of air pollution refer to the various locations,activities or factors which are responsible for the releasing of pollutants in the atmosphere. As we know, air pollution give more effects for us such as diseases which can cause death. Direct causes of air pollution related deaths include aggravated asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, lung and heart diseases and respiratory allergies. Beside that, the ozone layer at atmosphere will thinned because of air pollution,so the ultra violet will directly enter into the surface of the earth. Because of this, the temperature of the earth will increase quickly. So, many death will happen because human can not live at high temperature. So,we need control the pollution because without control the pollution, the waste products from consumption, heating, agriculture, mining, manufacturing, transportation and other human activities, whether they accumulate or disperse, will degrade the environment. As the conclusion, we should decrease the pollution by recycling, use public transports such as LRT, prevent illegal logging and so on.
Article ~ Air Pollution
Air pollution is the human introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damages the environment. Air pollution causes deaths and respiratory disease. Air pollution is often identified with major stationary sources, but the greatest source of emissions is mobile sources, mainly automobiles. Gases such as carbon dioxide, which contribute to global warming, have recently gained recognition as pollutants by climate scientists, while they also recognize that carbon dioxide is essential for plant life through photosynthesis.
The atmosphere is a complex, dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems.
The atmosphere is a complex, dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems.
Friday, September 12, 2008
Aspirin
Randomly, aspirin have been used as pain and fever reducers. In a big cases, aspirin can prevent strokes and heart attacks. Aspirin give effects differently in women and men in a given dose. Maybe this happen because of hormons. This also happen because women may metabolise aspirin differently than men. Aspirin reduce heart attacks among men but not women because it gives nothing effect among women. It also can reduce strokes among women but gives nothing effect among men. As a conclusion, both sexes can benefits from the aspirin therapy.
Article ~ Aspirin protects men's hearts and women's brains
Aspirin prevents cardiovascular events in both women and men — but in different ways, a new meta-study suggests.
In women, aspirin reduces strokes, and in men it cuts down on heart attacks. But there are no statistically significant benefits the other way round, according to the analysis.
“It appears that women respond differently to a given dose of aspirin than men,’ says David Brown, a cardiologist at the Stony Brook School of Medicine in New York, US, and one of the authors. “Everything about the study is telling us that there’s a gender difference and we don´t understand it.’
In people who already have cardiovascular disease, the benefits of low-dose aspirin are well-established — in both sexes. Aspirin’s cardiovascular effects are exerted by blocking the synthesis of thromboxane A2, a substance that causes the blood to clot. Even a single 100 milligram dose can be effective.
But in people with moderate risk, the picture is less clear. Studies seem to indicate a reduction in coronary events, but most studies included few, if any, women. Brown and colleagues were interested in knowing if moderate-risk women would benefit to the same degree as men.
Biological difference
Their analysis of six prospective, randomised, controlled studies, with a total of 95,456 subjects - 51,342 being women - showed that aspirin therapy reduced cardiovascular events in both men and women.
But there was an odd discrepancy. Among men, the risk of heart attack was down by 32% in aspirin-takers, but in women, aspirin had no effect on heart attacks at all. Rather, it worked primarily by cutting their risk of stroke by 17%. But aspirin did nothing to reduce stroke in men.
The researchers point out that, whereas men tend to have more heart attacks than strokes, women have slightly more strokes than heart attacks. But there is likely to be a biological difference as well, they say, speculating that women may metabolise aspirin differently than men. Brown says the findings underscore how important it is to include a large cross-section of populations in clinical drug trials.
Currently, the American Heart Association recommends that both men and women at moderate risk of cardiovascular problems take low-dose aspirin on a daily basis, but Brown says the European Society of Cardiology only recommends aspirin to the men of the moderate risk group.
“The AHA guidelines were written without data,’ Brown claims, and adds that his study now supports that idea that both sexes can benefit from aspirin therapy — though not in the way that was presumed.
He cautions that individuals start aspirin therapy only after consulting a doctor — in asymptomatic people the benefits only slightly outweigh the dangers of excessive bleeding.
In women, aspirin reduces strokes, and in men it cuts down on heart attacks. But there are no statistically significant benefits the other way round, according to the analysis.
“It appears that women respond differently to a given dose of aspirin than men,’ says David Brown, a cardiologist at the Stony Brook School of Medicine in New York, US, and one of the authors. “Everything about the study is telling us that there’s a gender difference and we don´t understand it.’
In people who already have cardiovascular disease, the benefits of low-dose aspirin are well-established — in both sexes. Aspirin’s cardiovascular effects are exerted by blocking the synthesis of thromboxane A2, a substance that causes the blood to clot. Even a single 100 milligram dose can be effective.
But in people with moderate risk, the picture is less clear. Studies seem to indicate a reduction in coronary events, but most studies included few, if any, women. Brown and colleagues were interested in knowing if moderate-risk women would benefit to the same degree as men.
Biological difference
Their analysis of six prospective, randomised, controlled studies, with a total of 95,456 subjects - 51,342 being women - showed that aspirin therapy reduced cardiovascular events in both men and women.
But there was an odd discrepancy. Among men, the risk of heart attack was down by 32% in aspirin-takers, but in women, aspirin had no effect on heart attacks at all. Rather, it worked primarily by cutting their risk of stroke by 17%. But aspirin did nothing to reduce stroke in men.
The researchers point out that, whereas men tend to have more heart attacks than strokes, women have slightly more strokes than heart attacks. But there is likely to be a biological difference as well, they say, speculating that women may metabolise aspirin differently than men. Brown says the findings underscore how important it is to include a large cross-section of populations in clinical drug trials.
Currently, the American Heart Association recommends that both men and women at moderate risk of cardiovascular problems take low-dose aspirin on a daily basis, but Brown says the European Society of Cardiology only recommends aspirin to the men of the moderate risk group.
“The AHA guidelines were written without data,’ Brown claims, and adds that his study now supports that idea that both sexes can benefit from aspirin therapy — though not in the way that was presumed.
He cautions that individuals start aspirin therapy only after consulting a doctor — in asymptomatic people the benefits only slightly outweigh the dangers of excessive bleeding.
Thursday, September 4, 2008
Entry 1
My idol is Dr. Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor Al Masrie bin Sheikh Mustapha. As we know,he is a first Malaysian astronaut. I choose him as my idol because I had ever dreams to reach at space once upon a time. Beside that,I also like him because he expert in given a motivation for student especially. He had given a motivational talk at MRSM Muar,Johor (his previous high school) and at Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Dato' Haji Mohd Redza. He also had support parents to build a reading culture towards their children. Moreover, I like his style. He is a low profile and flexible person. He can involve in many domain in his career such as he is an orthopedic surgeon,a university medical officer in medicine at UKM and also as a part-time model. As a conclusion,he is the best person.
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